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By Elizabeth Stein for Mythos Atlas. About the author. Editorial notes are grounded in the site's cited sources and can be challenged through the contact page.

The nian beast that raids at the turn of the year is a late folk etiology for New Year firecrackers, red paper, and noise. It is not in the early classics. Qing and modern popular retellings fix the plot: an old man or a village learns that scarlet and sound drive the beast off. Custom comes first in the record; the named monster is later etiology.
“Late folk etiologies explain Lunar New Year noise, fire, and the color red as devices that once drove off the nian beast; the tale is popular and late, not a Zhou classic.”